A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors for symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused multiple stressors that may lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder.

Objective: We longitudinally examined relationships between risk and protective factors, pandemic-related stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether these relationships differed by the time of assessment.

Method: The European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) ADJUST Study included N = 15,169 participants aged 18 years and above. Participants from 11 European countries were recruited and screened three times at 6-month intervals from June 2020 to January 2022. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender), stressors (e.g. fear of infection), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (AjD, ADNM-8) and their interaction with time of assessment were examined using mixed linear regression.

Results: The following predictors were significantly associated with higher AjD symptom levels: female or diverse gender; older age; pandemic-related news consumption >30 min a day; a current or previous mental health disorder; trauma exposure before or during the pandemic; a good, satisfactory or poor health status (vs. very good); burden related to governmental crisis management and communication; fear of infection; restricted social contact; work-related problems; restricted activity; and difficult housing conditions. The following predictors were associated with lower AjD levels: self-employment or retirement; working in healthcare; and face-to-face contact ≥ once a week with loved ones or friends.
The effects of the following predictors on AjD symptoms differed by the time of assessment in the course of the pandemic: a current or previous mental disorder; burden related to governmental crisis management; income reduction; and a current trauma exposure.

Conclusions: We identified risk factors and stressors predicting AjD symptom levels at different stages of the pandemic. For some predictors, the effects on mental health may change at different stages of a pandemic.

HIGHLIGHTS
• We longitudinally examined predictors of symptoms of adjustment disorder in 15,563 adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• We found stressors, risk, and protective factors predicting adjustment disorder symptom levels at different stages of the pandemic.
• For some predictors, the effects appear to change in different phases of a pandemic.

Reference: 
Annett Lotzin, Katharina Stahlmann, Elena Acquarini, Dean Ajdukovic, Marina Ajdukovic, Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, Vittoria Ardino, Kristina Bondjers, Maria Bragesjö, Maria Böttche, Małgorzata Dragan, Margarida Figueiredo-Braga, Odeta Gelezelyte, Piotr Grajewski, Jana Darejan Javakhishvili, Evaldas Kazlauskas, Lonneke Lenferink, Chrysanthi Lioupi, Brigitte Lueger-Schuster, Trudy Mooren, Luisa Sales, Lela Tsiskarishvili, Irina Zrnic Novakovic, Ingo Schäfer and ADJUST Study Consortium | 2024
In: European journal of psychotraumatology ; ISSN:2000-8066 | 15 | 1 | december | 2318944
https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2318944
Keywords: 
Adjustment Disorder, Adults, COVID-19 (en), Epidemics, Europeans, Longitudinal Study, Mental health, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Predisposition, Psychotrauma, PTSD (en), Statistical Analysis, Stressors, Vulnerability
Affiliation author(s):