Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition with serious implications for mental and physical health. Although previous studies have documented PTSD prevalence and short-term trajectories, detailed examination of long-term symptom patterns remains limited, especially in large cohorts. This study investigates 20-year PTSD symptom trajectories in World Trade Center responders, constituting one of the largest and longest studies of PTSD to date.

Background: The impact of witnessing a colleague’s line-of-duty death or suicide on firefighters is profound, potentially elevating the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide risk. Although violent loss has been acknowledged as more traumatic than natural loss, research exploring the specific outcomes of experiencing a colleague’s death within these contexts are scarce.

Background

One way to explore the psychological consequences of state oppression is by focusing on the lasting effects on survivors and their descendants.

Objective

In the context of former Czechoslovakia, this study compares the experiences of two generations of families expelled from the country during the “Asanace” campaign with control groups of people whose families have not encountered any forms of oppression.

Method

The purpose of the present article is to describe and demonstrate the principles of multi-module and short-term intervention for traumatic bereavement. This intervention program is based on the Two-Track Model of Loss and Bereavement (TTMB), a model that provides a multidimensional framework for assessing and formulating interventions following interpersonal loss. Following a brief introduction to the topic of traumatic loss and bereavement and its relevance, we proceed to consider the TTMB succinctly.