The prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety among older survivors post-earthquake: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background
The occurrence of PTSD, depression, and anxiety is notably high among older adults following an earthquake. This research aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of mental health conditions among older survivors after an earthquake.
 

Methods
The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA process. A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and the Wan Fang Database for Chinese Periodicals for studies reporting on the prevalence of PTSD, depression, and anxiety among older survivors post-earthquake. Each database was searched from inception to August 1, 2023 each database, and updated the search on October 1, 2024. The random effects model was employed to conduct meta-analysis, and the I2 index was taken into account to evaluate heterogeneity among studies. A narrative synthesis was performed to identify the risk factors associated with these mental health conditions.
 

Results
A total of 33 studies were analyzed in this meta-analysis, mainly from China, Japan, Nepal, and Mexico. The prevalence rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety among older earthquake survivors were found to be 19.3 % (95 % CI [16.0–22.6 %]; I2 = 99.486 %, P = 0.000), 23.5 % (95 % CI [13.9–33.1 %]; I2 = 99.901 %, P = 0.000) and 10.9 % (95 % CI [6.7–15.1 %]; I2 = 99.287 %, P = 0.000), respectively. The identified major risk factors were categorized into four dimensions, including demographic variables (e.g., older age, chronic illness), pre-disaster mitigation variables (e.g., lack of insurance), responding in disaster variables (e.g., being injured, property damage) and post-disaster relief variables (e.g., inadequate psychological care, low levels of social/family support).
 

Limitations
The optimal cut-off for different screening tools may be sensitive to changes in the prevalence of older survivors post-earthquake. Furthermore, due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a narrative synthesis of risk factors was conducted.
 

Conclusions
The findings of this review may increase the awareness of the burden and risk factors associated with PTSD, depression, and anxiety in older survivors post-earthquake. It serves as a reference for the government in formulating recovery policies focusing on interventions, such as financial allocation, psychological treatment, and insurance claims. These policies aim to mitigate the long-term psychological effects on older survivors and ultimately lower the prevalence of mental health conditions.

Highlights

• This review illustrated multiple risk factors for PTSD, depression and anxiety among older survivors post-earthquake.
• The prevalence of PTSD, depression and anxiety among older adults post-earthquake was 19.3%, 23.5% and 10.9%, respectively.
• The existence of chronic illnesses is a unique risk factor for PTSD, depression, and anxiety in older adults post-earthquake.