SummaryAlterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis activity and fatty acid (FA)-metabolism have been observed in (recurrent) major depressive disorder (MDD).

The greater emphasis on scientific evidence and the high threshold for changing any criterion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV) probably account for many key differences between the DSM-5 and the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th ver., ICD-11) with regard to diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Important questions about PTSD remain that can only be settled by future research.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with the occurrence of secondary psychotic features, complicating treatment and resulting in negative outcomes. Some authors have suggested that PTSD with secondary psychotic features (PTSD-SP) is a diagnostic subtype of PTSD or even a separate diagnostic entity. However, other studies suggest that these psychotic features are just a form of psychiatric comorbidity, or a more severe form of re-experiencing symptoms, possibly related to a more severe or to specific kinds of traumatic events.

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice is a cross-disciplinary journal that encompasses neuroscience, social, cognitive, experimental, and clinical psychology. It publishes articles on theory, research, methodology, and clinical applications related to the psychology of consciousness.