AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects a minority of trauma-exposed persons and is associated with significant impairment. This longitudinal study examined risk factors for PTSD. We tested whether the presence of injuries resulting from trauma exposure predicted the course of PTSD symptoms. In addition, we tested whether gender, trauma type, perceived life threat, and peritraumatic dissociation predicted the onset of PTSD symptoms. 236 trauma-exposed civilians were assessed for PTSD symptoms with a structured interview at four occasions during 6 months posttrauma.

There has been abundant research targeting the secondary and tertiary prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including different forms of debriefing, treatments for acute stress disorder, and targeted intervention strategies (M. T. Feldner, C. M. Monson, & M. J. Friedman, 2007). However, there remains a scarcity of research pertaining to the primary, pretrauma prevention of PTSD. A systematic review was conducted in order to identify and synthesize all programs aimed at the primary prevention of PTSD to date.

The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD. The PCL-5 has a variety of purposes, including:•Monitoring symptom change during and after treatment•Screening individuals for PTSD•Making a provisional PTSD diagnosis The gold standard for diagnosing PTSD is a structured clinical interview such as the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5). When necessary, the PCL-5 can be scored to provide a provisional PTSD diagnosis.

The result of over twenty years of meticulous research, this two volume work casts new light on the nightime battles in the west. It has previously been assumed that no detailed history of the night battles could ever be compiled because so much information had been lost at the end of the war. However, by analysing and cross referencing hundreds of sources, mostly unpublished, and some from private collections never seen by researchers before, Dr Boiten has for the first time been able to clearly analyse each night’s operations from both sides.