Introduction: Current guidelines recommend trauma-focused therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Unfortunately, the percentage of non-response and dropout with these forms of therapy has proven to be substantial. Trauma-focused therapies offered in a highly intensive format have been found to lead to higher adherence and faster symptom reduction, but no studies so far have investigated Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) in an intensive programme.

Intergenerational trauma can occur amongst any family and in any culture. This can emerge from any number of things, be it a cycle of abuse, displacement, or even natural disasters. Given its pervasive nature, it is important to explore how transgenerational trauma can be treated and processed. A literature review was conducted in order to research how expressive arts therapies could be a valuable treatment method for generational trauma and trauma-informed care.

Although it is known that equine-assisted interventions (EAI) have beneficial effects on human participants, the effects on horses have not been extensively studied. This study investigated the effects of EAI with military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), on the heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and behaviour of the involved horses. In total six different horses were deployed multiple times during a 12-week program of EAI for veterans with PTSD. The HR and HRV were measured during baseline conditions, free activities and directed activities.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition among military service members and veterans, often co-occurring with moral injury (MI) and spiritual distress (SD). While conventional PTSD treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure-based therapies, and pharmacological interventions, growing evidence suggests that spirituality may play a vital role in improving PTSD outcomes.